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負ける
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To lose a game or fight or struggle.
$$$
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参った
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(spoken aloud) to say uncle. “No mas!”
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敗北
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A loss of a game or war.
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失敗
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Any failure! Fail a test, your plan fails, no one comes to your party, your business goes bankrupt.
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失う
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This one has a bewildering variety of meanings. To miss out on something (but not because of an opponent). To miss a chance. (to get a job). Also to lose a tooth, lose one’s cool, to lose a friend (who died).
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不合格
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Unacceptable! Used with schoolwork, but also work reviews, or ‘this workmanship is unacceptable’ or ‘Son your room is not acceptably clean.’
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落第
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To fail a test
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KANJIDAMAGE